10 Simple Steps to Sanity – Car Buying Guide

 
1: Formulating Your Budget

2: Obtaining Financing – Feeling Secure

3: New vs. Used

4: Safety Ratings and Safety Features – Safe Journey

5: Synchronizing Your Purchase – Timing May Be Everything

6: To Lease or Not to Lease?

7: Used Car Valuation – Trade-In and Trade-Up

8: Art of Negotiation – Wheel and Deal at the Dealership

9: Warranty 101 – New , Factory, Third Party

10: Post Purchase – Recurring Expenses and Other Considerations

User Comments – We want to hear what you have to say

The frequency of automobile purchases, per capita, exceeds that of home purchases and marriages combined over the course of a lifetime.  Whether driven by vanity or necessity, this frequency makes the decision to purchase your next vehicle a very important one.

The following is a Car Buying Guide, outlining the ten things you must consider before purchasing an automobile.

1: Formulating Your Budget

What can you truly afford?  Where do you begin when attempting to answer this question?  Consumer Reports’ experts recommend that your debt-to-income ratio (DTI)  be less than or equal to 36%.  Consider the following example where John is in the market to buy a new car.

John needs to first calculate his DTI and determine if he can afford the purchase:

(DTI = monthly debt / gross (pre-tax) monthly income * 100).

To calculate his DTI, John  needs to divide his monthly debt (monthly mortgage loan, credit card bills, student loans, etc.) by his gross monthly income and then multiply by 100.  John has $400.00 in monthly debt and $3,000.00 in gross monthly income.

John’s DTI:  400/3000 * 100 = 13.33.

As you can see John’s DTI is 13.33% which is less than 36% so he has money to spend.

Now lets figure out how much John can spend per month on a new car.  John makes $3,000.00 a month and 36% of $3,000.00 (.36*3000) is $1,080.00.  This represents the maximum amount John can afford per month on his debt bills.  John’s current monthly debt is $400.00, so $400.00 subtracted from $1,080.00 equals $680.00.  $680.00 is the maximum amount John can afford monthly on a new car.

Now John needs to go on to the next step and determine the price range of a vehicle his $680.00 payment will support.

As a  general rule of thumb, for every $10,000.00 you finance you will pay around $200.00 in monthly payments. In the above example John has $680.00 a month he can spend.  Using the said rule of thumb, John should be able to reasonably afford up to $30,000.00 in financing.  If John finances $30,000.00 it should cost him around $600.00 a month.

Keep in mind that the 200-to-10,000 rule is just a rule of thumb and you need to take into account not only the total amount financed, but also the interest rate on the loan and the term to really lock in the monthly payment.  To get a really good idea of how much a new car will cost you use the following car buying calculator.  To get the vehicle retail and invoice prices you can use the zAutos Car Concierge.

2: Obtaining Financing – Feeling Secure

Now that you have crafted your budget, short of having cash in hand, you will need to find a way to pay for your vehicle purchase. As a well-informed consumer, you will want to know the condition of your credit before seeking financing of any kind, keeping in mind that the lending landscape has changed.  Obtain a copy of your free annual credit report by visiting www.AnnualCreditReport.com.

The first thing to note regarding auto financing at the dealership is that a “car loan” obtained from the dealer is not specifically a loan, but rather a Retail Installment Sales Contract (RISC).  You and the dealer enter into this contract and it is then sold to a bank or other lending institution, generally at a small mark-up.  Dealerships, in most cases, offer financing through their Manufacturer (Captive Financing) and often times have rates lower than banks or credit unions.  A good thing to remember is that offering to arrange financing is a service that the dealership provides and it does save you legwork, as long as the rates are as good or better than what you qualify for through your own sources.

If you have obtained a commitment of auto financing before you shop, you are NOT required to fill out a credit application.  Furthermore, filling out a credit application is not a requirement of The Patriot Act, which is sometimes touted as the justification.

The Patriot Act (Section 326, page 47) is explicitly seeking to conduct “Verification of Identification.” Banks and financial institutions are required to verify your ID (driver’s license, passports, etc.) before you open an account.  Therefore, if you have already obtained financing this would not apply.

By the same token, if you are seeking to compare a dealer’s interest rate to that of your pre-approved financing, be aware that you may be doing so with repercussions. As is typical, your application is “shopped,” or sent out to multiple lenders in an effort to get credit approval, resulting in multiple credit inquiries.

There are many methods to choose from when financing the purchase of your vehicle.

A simple check of a manufacturer’s website is a quick way to see if there are any current specials running in that car line and in your area (some programs are regional).  No matter if you decide to use dealership financing sources or pre-approved loans from a traditional or online lender, be certain to compare rates and always seek your best deal.

3: New vs. Used

Typically, a used car has been the better value with respect to price, traditionally being less expensive to repair than buying a new one.  If it were merely a question of price, using a new versus used car comparison tool would be sufficient to help you make a determination.

In recent times, however, there are new factors to contend with when making your final decision.  A new car purchase may rival that of a used car in today’s market, but first it is wise to examine a few of the top arguments for both:

New

• Brand’s Future:  A negative – with the present restructuring and even potential bankruptcy of auto industry giants, certain brands may be phased out, influencing resale value.

• Purchase Incentives:  A positive – in today’s market, the buyer is definitely in the driver’s seat.  Many manufacturers are offering purchase-friendly incentives that are aimed at coaxing would-be buyers back into the market.

• Reduced Maintenance & Warranty Coverage:  A positive – with new vehicles, the manufacturer will warranty the new vehicle for at least the first three years, some offering even longer terms.  Warranties offer peace of mind that maintenance costs will be lower and less frequent.

• Layoff Protection:  A positive – several manufacturers are offering a layoff protection plan to car buyers in the event of job loss or related incident.  This is invaluable when considering the current state of the economy. In short, some of these polices offer coverage if you experience job loss, develop a disability that prevents you from working, are transferred overseas, are self-employed and need to file bankruptcy, and in most cases of accidental death.  This coverage would help make car payments or allow you to exit the purchase contract without hurting your credit.

Used

• Pre-Owned Certification:  A positive – a lot of manufacturers offer a pre-owned certification program for their used vehicles.  This means that the vehicle has undergone a more thorough testing process and provides a warranty for repairs.

• Find Your Used Car:  At zAutos.com we have over one million cars listed at any given time – take a gander (yes, this is a plug for our site but we think you’ll find the used car search function useful if you are in fact looking for a used car).

• Affordability/Low Cost:  A positive – the costs of owning and operating a used vehicle can be significantly reduced, including lower depreciation, lower or no sales tax, lower registration and licensing fees (which are generally based on the value of the vehicle), and lower insurance premiums.

• Depreciation Costs:  A positive – the previous owner has absorbed the greatest amount of depreciation loss as new cars will generally lose nearly 40% of their value within the first three years of ownership.

• Repairs:  A negative – repairs are an inevitable part of ownership.  The older the vehicle, the greater the maintenance costs, and the probability that such repairs will not be covered under warranty.  Repairs such as replacing brakes, tires, batteries, and mufflers might be on the horizon.  If you are in the market for a used vehicle, obtaining a vehicle history report will help guide you towards the purchase of a vehicle that is without a checkered past.

• Inspect:  A positive – Do yourself a huge favor, have the car you are considering inspected by a 3rd party (independent mechanic).  Any reputable dealer should allow you to arrange an inspection and it is worth every dime.  Spending  $100-$150 could save you thousands in the long run.

Whether choosing a new or used vehicle, considering these factors will help you make a more informed purchasing decision.

4: Safety Ratings and Safety Features – Safe Journey

Your vehicle’s safety rating should rank just as high as the cosmetic features on your list of priorities.  The safety features you will want to consider are crash test reports, airbags, rollover rates, antilock braking systems, tire pressure sensors, stability and traction control, and daytime running lights.  In addition, installing an anti-theft system may provide for lower insurance premiums; although this system is not as critical as the aforementioned features.

• Crash Tests:  The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conduct vehicle safety research and testing.  The NHTSA conducts both frontal and side-impact collision tests using a five star rating system.  The IIHS conducts an offset frontal collision designed to mimic true to life impacts and offers a Good, Acceptable, Marginal, or Poor rating.

• Airbags:  Although it is mandated by law that a new vehicle be equipped with dual-airbag systems, many manufactures install side, rear, and roll-over airbags, keeping driver as well as passenger safety in mind.

• Rollover Rates:  SUV’s are up to three times more likely to roll over than passenger vehicles.  The NHTSA provides a roll-over rating system that is worth reviewing before buying your next vehicle.

• Antilock Braking Systems:  Antilock Brakes (ABS) are proven safety devices and often qualify for insurance policy discounts.

• Tire Pressure Sensors:  The most basic, important, and overlooked feature is a well-filled tire.  This feature is crucial to vehicle safety and is why most manufacturers install tire pressure sensors on newer models.

• Electronic Stability Control:  Working in concert with a vehicle’s anti-lock braking system, a stability control system uses sensors to detect a loss of traction, thereby keeping the vehicle on an intended path and in some instances reducing engine power. These systems are available on many different vehicles. Although usually optional, remember to ask about this feature.

• Daytime Running Lights:  Most published reports indicate that Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) are effective in preventing daytime frontal crashes by increasing a vehicle’s visibility from a greater distance.  With respect to increased fuel consumption, the NHTSA estimates that a mere fraction of a mile per gallon will be lost while using DRLs.

Lastly, if you will be transporting children, your vehicle should be equipped with child safety features that enable you to control doors, locks, and windows.

Understanding the importance of these features will help keep you safer while on the road.  Take the time to review a vehicle’s safety rating as well as any active defects, or recalls, prior to making your purchase.  You can find vehicle safety ratings using the vehicle eBrochure tool and accessing the “FUEL / SAFETY” tab.

5: Synchronizing Your Purchase – Timing May Be Everything

The timing of your next vehicle purchase can save you money and feelings of regret down the road.

So when is the best time to make your purchase?  There is no time like the present, but you may also want to coordinate the timing of your purchase with one or more of these complementary factors.

• End of Month:  A salesperson or dealership quota may be the bargaining chip that helps broker your best deal.  Look for larger dealerships with greater inventories, as these will be more inclined to engage in a consumer-beneficial transaction to achieve coveted sales goals.

• End of Model Year:  The first week in September is typically when a dealer gets their shipment of next year’s model vehicles.  Consequently, they will be looking to move the prior year’s models quickly in the months preceding. Understanding that last year’s model has already lost a year of depreciation, if a cost savings now outweighs residual value, trivial preferences of color, or other non-essential amenities, then this may well be the deal for you.

• December:  In the past few years, December has become the big sales push month of the year for most manufacturers.  You see more red bows than ever and more than likely will see the biggest incentives of the year as car companies strive to hit their yearly volume targets.

• Dealer Incentives & Factory-to-Consumer Rebates:  Dealer incentives are perks or a reduction in price that a dealer pays to purchase cars from the factory.  A dealer is under no obligation to pass these savings along to consumers. However, being aware of these incentives may assist you in negotiations when a dealer is approaching sales targets at or near the end of month.  Therefore, ALWAYS ask if the price of the vehicle includes a dealer incentive.

Conversely, factory-to-consumer rebates are just that – direct from the manufacturer to you.  In most cases it is to be used as a credit against the purchase of your new vehicle, or in some cases, you are offered to have the rebate sent to you after the deal is finalized.

Incentives and rebates are offered regionally.  You will want to have an idea of what is being offered at local dealerships before you begin purchasing negotiations.

Synchronizing your purchase with one or more of these factors may prove       beneficial, keeping you in line with your allotted budget.

6: To Lease or Not to Lease?

The answer, simply put, is – it depends.  A common dilemma, whether or not to lease a vehicle is largely dependent on your individual situation.  When leasing, you are only paying for a portion of the vehicle’s cost, or the part you will “use up” during the time you drive it.

Understanding that a lease loan is structured around the use of a vehicle rather than its purchase, you will need to consider the following to make an informed decision.

• Keeping Cash in Hand:  With lower out of pocket and monthly costs, a lease may be the budget-friendly choice.  Often you will be able to roll many of the fees and taxes associated with the lease into the monthly payment. This will significantly reduce the amount of down payment if not eliminate it, enabling you to satisfy any pressing need for cash.

• Low Monthly Payments:  If low monthly payments are of utmost concern, a leasing deal may be your best bet.  For example, when you lease a $25,000 vehicle that will have an estimated resale value of $16,000 after 24 months, you are only paying for the $9,000 difference (depreciation) plus finance charges, and applicable fees, thus the lower monthly payment.

• Lifestyle: Stability & Driving Habits – Terminating a lease can be costly.  In the absence of foreseeable or abrupt life changes such as moves or  job losses, for at least the term of the lease (2-3 years), a lease may serve you well.  Additionally, 15,000 miles is the average yearly allotment of mileage for most leases.  Ideally, as a lease customer, you will want to drive at or near this amount and maintain your vehicle in good condition. Anything above this and you will begin to pay extra.  If this is anticipated, you will need to negotiate the cost of the additional mileage upfront as this charge could be anywhere from 15 – 20 cents per mile at lease end.  Driving substantially less may have the adverse consequence of paying for depreciation you are not causing. In this instance, a vehicle purchase should be strongly considered.

• Ownership Interest:  If having some ownership interest in your vehicle is important to you, then leasing would not be ideal, as you will have little if any equity in the vehicle at lease end.  At the conclusion of your lease, you will be able to return the vehicle or purchase it for its depreciated resale value (Residual).  Whether or not you intend on purchasing your vehicle at lease end, you will want to be certain that your lease is inclusive of a fixed price purchase option should the need or desire arise.

• Leasing Companies:  When taking out a loan to purchase a vehicle, you create a relationship with a bank.  When taking out a “lease loan” you are creating a complex financial relationship with a company.  It is best to lease from an automaker or other reputable leasing company with a vested interest in repeat business.

• Gap Insurance:  This insurance pays the difference between what you owe on your lease and what your vehicle is actually worth in the event it is stolen or destroyed. This should always be included in your lease.  Some finance companies include it and some don’t (you have to purchase a policy). Be sure to ask if it is included.

Therefore, to answer the question of whether or not to lease, consider the following.  If you enjoy driving the latest model vehicle every few years, having a vehicle equipped with up-to-date safety features, always having a warranty, have predictable driving habits, don’t enjoy selling or trading used cars, have a predictable lifestyle, and don’t mind forgoing ownership interest in your vehicle, then the answer would be an emphatic YES!  The reality is you never own your car on a finance contract until you make the final payment and as we have already mentioned the average person trades a car every 3-4 years.  Finally, always check with your tax advisor to see if a lease will offer any tax benefits.

7: Used Car Valuation – Trade-In and Trade-Up

If you are planning to trade in your existing vehicle in the hopes of significantly off-setting a required down payment, you must first contend with the value of your used car, keeping expectations in line.  Use online tools, newspaper listings, or even shop the vehicle to several dealerships to ascertain what your trade-in is worth realistically.  Another great resource for getting the most out of your trade is Carmax.  They will give you a purchase number on your car even if you are not buying a vehicle from them.

There are definite advantages to trading in your used vehicle.  One factor being: In some states, you will pay sales tax only on the difference between the new vehicle’s price and the value of your trade-in.

So how do you get the most for your trade-in?

Logically, the better the condition of the vehicle the higher its trade-in value, making the argument for maintaining your vehicle’s curb appeal.  A professional detail will cost about $100, but is well worth it when considering the boost in resale value this can provide.

So what value will the dealer credit you?  On the average, a dealer’s value of your trade-in is largely based on cash values a vehicle sells for at auction.  This figure will take into account reconditioning costs and profit margins.  For higher-quality vehicles, the dealer must also contend with the cost of keeping the car in inventory such as flooring charges (interest), lot security, and advertising.  Further, most states require that a dealer must warranty, or even guarantee, a used vehicle for a period of time or specified mileage when reselling it to the public.  All of these things can add up to a trade-in value less than expected.

If you are intent on seeking and receiving top dollar for your used vehicle, it may be best that you sell it to a private party. This will always fetch a considerably higher price; however, you must weigh this against the time and effort necessary to make the sale (i.e. having strangers come to your home, test driving them, etc.). Or as mentioned above, try getting a bid from your local Carmax.

Trading in your vehicle is convenient and rolls all of your car-buying concerns into one transaction.  Never go before you know – having an informed idea of what your trade-in is worth makes you a well-informed consumer as well as capable negotiator.

8: Art of Negotiation – Wheel and Deal at the Dealership

Negotiating the price of your next vehicle doesn’t have to be rocket science.  A little research and stick-to-itiveness goes a long way at the negotiation table.  The following are tips that can help you stay focused when engaging in this important “Purchasing Power Play.”

• Separate Deals:  If trading in a used car, be sure to compartmentalize the new car negotiations from the used car valuation, keeping them separate.  Each value is independent of the other and, since you have done your research, you will know the profit margin that is in the new vehicle.  Get a solid figure for your trade-in from the used car manager, having the cash value amount written into the new car contract as a credit.

• Research Tools:  ZAG can help you gain valuable information and what many would consider the “silver bullet” for negotiating your next new car purchase.  These companies pull sales transaction data for your market area and give you the range you can expect to pay for your specific vehicle.

• Rebate Reminder:  Again, ALWAYS ask if the price you are being offered includes the value of a dealer incentive, keeping in mind that MSRP minus the dealer incentive means the dealer has contributed nothing to the deal and you are effectively paying MSRP – very few cars command MSRP these days.  For factory-to-consumer rebates, you can either receive this directly from the manufacturer or have the dealer apply its value to your purchase price, further reducing the price of the vehicle.

• Rate not Payment:  It is best to negotiate based on the interest rate of a loan rather than the actual monthly payment, as interest is the cost to borrow money.  Look for a low rate and pay off the vehicle in as short amount of time as possible.  The longer the repayment terms, the more you will pay in interest; thus, a lower payment over 60 or even 72 months more than likely is not the best “deal” mathematically.  Make sure you are mindful of the down payment and term of the loan when negotiating on the interest rate.  You might be thinking you are getting a good rate and thus saving yourself money but realize later that the contract has a higher down payment or longer term then you had anticipated.

• Bypass Commissions:  If wheeling and dealing on the car lot is not your cup of tea, you might consider dealing online with the dealership through the internet sales manager or through an online pricing or referral service.

• Complete the Deal:  Never take possession of your vehicle without making certain that all documents have been signed, and negotiations finalized. This should include a full delivery of your vehicle.  There is no right-of-rescission with the purchase of a vehicle, and unraveling a contract can be messy if not impossible.  If you have reservations or concerns about your purchase deal, walking away rather than driving away might be your best line of defense.  Do not yield to pressure tactics.  It is much better to give yourself some time, or a cooling off period, rather than locking yourself into a commitment you may not be able to undo.  Remember, the first offer is often not the best offer a dealer can make unless you go into the negotiations prepared.  Being informed, careful, thorough, and persistent will help you drive away feeling confident you have maximized your purchasing power.

9: Warranty 101 – New , Factory, Third Party

It is a foreseeable fact that your vehicle will need to undergo repairs during the course of ownership.  Understanding your vehicle warranty will make completing these repairs a more seamless, timely, and cost-effective process.

There are three general types of warranties – New Car, Factory (Extended), and Third Party, and a fourth and uncommonly known After Warranty Assistance (AWA) that a manufacturer may offer.

New Car Warranty:  The traditional coverage of a New Car warranty will be measured by time and mileage (i.e. three years or 36,000 miles, with emissions equipment being covered for two years or 24,000 miles).  A New Car, or “Basic Warranty,” will first cover the vehicle bumper to bumper with the exception of “wear” or consumable items such as brakes, tires, or batteries.  Secondly, the “Power Train” component will cover everything that makes your vehicle move such as the engine, drive shaft, transmission, and drive axles.  Additionally, some manufacturers offer rust or corrosion warranties, as well as emergency roadside assistance, as an extra bonus.

Factory (Extended) Warranty:  First, you will need to ask yourself how long you anticipate owning your vehicle.  If the new car warranty is for three years or 36,000 miles, and you plan on owning the vehicle for a lesser amount of time, as well as driving within this mileage limitation, purchasing an extended warranty would make little sense.  Furthermore, if purchasing a used vehicle, you will need to determine if there is any remaining Factory Warranty coverage.  A manufacturer-backed warranty will be easier to use while an aftermarket warranty will be considerably cheaper.  You will typically purchase an extended warranty at the time you purchase your vehicle.  Some contracts can be purchased at a later date, but may have a penalty charge.  Always inquire about any manufacturer extended warranty before considering those offered by other companies.

Third Party Warranty:  Before purchasing an extended warranty, you will want to know which company underwrites the policy.  Although third party warranties cost less upfront, they may require out of pocket expenditures prior to providing reimbursement, and be less convenient to use.

Lastly, consider the transferability of any of the above extended warranty options, as this will be a great selling point should you choose to sell the vehicle (private party) down the road.

After Warranty Assistance:  If your vehicle needs repairs after the expiration of the factory warranty, some manufacturers offer After Warranty Assistance (AWA), sometimes called “Goodwill Assistance.”  The following are things you will want to keep in mind when pursuing this type of assistance.

• Extended Warranties – If you still have assistance available to you under this type of warranty, you will not be eligible for AWA.

• Maintenance Records – Dealers will be looking to ensure that your vehicle has been maintained properly and that you were a dealership-oriented and maintenance-conscience customer.

• Inquiries – Be persistent, as this type of assistance is not simply offered, but rather you must ask for it.

Weigh all of these warranty factors carefully before making your choice.

10: Post Purchase – Recurring Expenses and Other Considerations

The average person will keep their vehicle three or four years before trading it in or selling it.  This longevity of ownership results in costs well beyond the sticker or contract price of your vehicle.

Below are some post purchase expenses to consider and tips on how to lower your long-term ownership costs.

• Monthly Loan Payments:  It is advisable to structure auto loans with repayment terms of 48 months or less.  This will allow you to stay on par with your vehicle’s depreciation losses and decrease the amount of interest paid. Extended loan terms could leave you paying substantially more in interest and with little or no equity at the end of your repayment schedule.  If you must acquire a loan with an extended financing term, be certain to maintain a good payment history.  The opportunity to refinance the loan may be forthcoming, ultimately lowering the interest rate and producing a more manageable payment.

• Depreciation:  Depreciation can be likened to a “race against equity,” as a vehicle loses value over time.  When driven off the lot, a new car can lose as much as 20% of its value.  Further, the average vehicle will depreciate as much as 65% within the first five years of ownership.  If financing your purchase, structure the term of your repayment to 48 months or less if possible.

• Insurance Premiums:  Insurance costs vary depending on many factors including the vehicle model, age, and location of housing.  A driver’s age, gender, continuous maintenance of insurance policies, and driving record all have additional impacts on annual premiums.  Additionally, if you have teenage drivers that will be added to your policy, how well they are doing in school can be a determining factor for insurance policy rates.

For used vehicles without liens, consider the type of coverage that is necessary, as a liability policy may be sufficient.  For new vehicles, consider carrying all of your insurance policies (home, auto, business) through one provider.

You will also want to consider a Guaranteed Auto Protection (GAP) insurance policy, as this insurance pays the difference between what you owe on your loan or lease and what your vehicle is actually worth, should it be stolen or destroyed.

It is also a common occurrence for loans, or leases, to be rolled over, and refinanced into new terms, with little or no down payment being made.  This creates an “upside down” scenario whereby you owe more than the vehicle is actually worth.  In the event of an accident or theft, having gap insurance could save you hundreds or even thousands of dollars.  Don’t fall into the “Gap.”

• Annual Registration:  When making your purchase, the titling and registration of your vehicle is taken care of at the dealership.  Afterwards you may well do some research, respective of your state considering the best method to continue to register your vehicle, either in person, by mail or on the internet.  Keep in mind that the newer the vehicle the greater the registration fees.  Some states mandate an annual registration process, while others allow for longer periods of time, and better, some states allow registration prepayment a year or two in advance.

• Operating Costs & Maintenance:  Proper and consistent maintenance of your vehicle requires little effort to avoid costly repairs associated with negligence.  Early and timely diagnostics will keep your vehicle running in key condition and increase the probability of repairs being covered under your vehicle’s warranty. You will also want to keep maintenance and expense logs to record repair costs for future reference.

Fuel consumption is the most frequent long-term ownership expense.  Depending on your driving habits, you will want to consider a vehicle’s fuel economy rating (refer to a vehicle eBrochure to get fuel ratings on a specific car) before making the purchase, as fuel costs can add up quickly.

Lastly, Consumer Reports provides new owner-costs estimates, which can help you compare models that are in line with your budget, potentially saving thousands of dollars.

May you have a safe journey, navigating with care and confidence when considering the factors surrounding your next vehicle purchase.  Should you have questions, please post them in the comment area below and we will respond ASAP.

Warm Regards,
zAutos.com

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